There is a very useful article about summer pruning for apples and pears on the RHS website – good advice about when and how to it.
Summer Pruning: Apples and Pears
When and how to do it.
Category: Tips
Exhibiting Vegetables and Fruit
Tips for showing veg and fruit.
Our member Peter Blakey has put together some useful tips for showing your produce in our annual allotment show.
Show judging is usually done according to the RHS Horticultural Show Handbook, which you can buy online. At Hollin Lane we have our own rules which follow the RHS ones fairly closely.
Peter has picked out the advice given by the RHS for some of the most popular vegetables in our previous shows, and included some photos of his exhibits in a recent show organised by the RHS.
| Class | Tips |
|---|---|
| French Beans | Straight, fresh pods with stalks, even length, good colour, no outward sign of seeds. |
| Runner Beans | Long, uniform, straight, good colour, with Stalks, no outward sign of seeds. |
| Globe Beetroot | 60-75 mm in diameter, taproot in place, foliage trimmed to about 75mm. |
| Cabbage | Fresh solid heads, 50mm of stalk. |
| Carrots | Fresh, no sign of side roots, foliage trimmed to about 75mm. |
| Cauliflower | Heads fresh and solid 50mm of stalk. |
| Courgettes | About 150mm long 35mm diameter. |
| Leeks | Clean, firm, long barrel. |
| Marrows | Fresh, less than 350mm long, tender. |
| Onions - over 250 grams | Large, well ripened, thin necks, intact root plates. |
| Onions - under 250 grams | Firm, thin necked, blemish free bulbs. |
| Parsnips | Long, free from side shoots, taproot intact. |
| Peas | Large, long, with stalks, well filled with tender peas. |
| Potatoes | About 175-225g, few eyes, clear-skinned. |
| Squash | Young, tender, well matched. |
| Sweet Corn | Fresh, well set including the tips, straight rows |
| Tomatoes (medium) | About 60mm diameter, ripe but firm, calyces attached. |
| Tomatoes (small) | Less than 35mm diameter, calyces attached. |
Here are some photos of Peter’s exhibits.
Mini Root Cellar
Simple way to keep root crops fresh and safe through the winter.
How can you keep root crops like carrots and beetroot fresh and crisp until the middle of winter? A friend from Ash Road Allotments told me how: a mini root cellar. It is just a large flower pot sunk into the ground in a sheltered place, maybe a greenhouse. You layer dry sieved leaf mould or spent potting compost with roots. This protects them from frost or drying out.
Dig them out when you need them and just clean them off a bit. They are ready to use.
Joe Foster
Bean Squeezing
When are they ready to pick?
I find myself giving my beans a gentle squeeze to judge if they are ready to pick. This can be especially useful when there are lots of leaves in the way so that you can’t see the beans clearly.
- Broad Beans: I especially like them when the beans are still tender and not too big. You can feel them through the skin of the pod. As the beans mature and start to get tough the pods develop a smooth, hard surface.
- Green Beans: French beans and runner beans for eating green are best before the beans inside start to swell and the pods become stringy.
- Dried Beans: Beans for drying, Borlotties for example, get a papery feel to the pods when the beans inside are nice and dry.
Joe Foster
Rats
Some professional advice
Allium Leaf Miner
Allium leaf miners are the larva(maggots) of a little fly that lays its eggs on the leaves of our alliums (onions, shallots, garlic, leeks, etc). The larvae hatch out and tunnel down, eating and growing as they go, then pupate in the bulb area. Their damage causes the plants to become distorted, and opens them up to fungal disease. There are some good pictures to help identify them on the Allotments & Gardens web site.
The RHS have some useful advice about how to cope, as does Garden Organic (members only, unfortunately). There is no cure – only prevention, which means destroying infected plants to kill the larvae and pupae, and keeping the flies from laying their eggs on our crops by covering them with nets. The flies are quite small, and the RHS advise using very fine mesh (0.8mm) netting, as the standard “fine” mesh (1.3mm) is not reliable.
The adult flies are active in spring (March to June) and again in the autumn (September to November), which is when you need to cover your crops. These dates are a bit uncertain, as the pest is new here and we are still learning about it.
Borlotti Beans
I struggle to find things that work on my plot, but French beans Borlotti beans are my favourite…
I thought I would stick my oar in and recommend growing borlotti beans. I struggle to find things that work on my plot and have more failures than successes, but French beans and recently, borlotti beans are my favourite and make me happy!
Growing borlotti beans turn into lovely purple pods that start to look dried out at the end of summer and that’s when I pick them. Simmer the beans in water with a bay leaf, rosemary and garlic for about 30 mins, then add salt and let stand for 10 mins. Drain, add some olive oil and lemon juice and eat. They are creamy and tasty and you can eat them in salads, as a side dish or add them to a stew, whatever you fancy. So nice and so easy.
Angie Willshaw
Rats, Squirrels Eating Sweet Corn
I noticed about that squirrels (probably) were starting to eat my ripening sweetcorn …
I noticed that squirrels (probably – or rats?) were starting to eat my ripening sweetcorn (I had actually witnessed squirrels doing this last year). So, this time, after they had attacked the first few, I picked all the almost ready cobs – and then discovered that they were absolutely delicious and probably better than if I had left them for a bit longer. So, if the silks protruding from the cobs have turned brown they are probably ready.
Then, I seasoned the remaining cobs on the plants with a sprinkle of BLACK PEPPER and CHILLI POWDER. This, especially the black pepper, seemed to last despite the rain. A week or so later, no further attacks have been made and I was able to pick another couple of gorgeous ones today. And I then re-seasoned them all.
Worth a try then (unless the little so-and-sos develop a taste for curries)?
Ros Dunlevey, plot 37
Potato Blight
Blight usually hits our potatoes in warm, damp weather in August.
Some time in August, especially when the weather is warm and damp, our potatoes plants start showing signs of blight.
How do I know if I’ve got it?
Black spots on the leaves, surrounded with a watery looking “halo”, quickly spreading and turning the potato tops to mush – not to be confused with normal die-back when the plants are mature.
What should I do if (when!) my plants get it?
Cut the tops off, clear up all blighted bits and bury them in your compost to decay over the winter. The spores only live for a couple of weeks without living potato tissue. Do not move blighted tops around the site and infect other peoples’ crops. Leave the potatoes in the ground for two or three weeks before you dig them so that any spores on the surface die off before they reach the tubers. Check potatoes in storage every month or so for signs of rotting tubers.
You can still dig a few any time for immediate use.
How can I avoid potato blight?
You can either grow early varieties, like Kestrel and Charlotte, which are ready before the blight strikes, or grow resistant main crop varieties like Sarpo Mira.
Peat Free Composts
A report by Rosie Hall for Hollin Lane Allotment Association
A report by Rosie Hall for Hollin Lane Allotment Association
Background
Peat only started to be used in garden composts in the 1950s with the rise of popular gardening. Humans have used peat for centuries as a fuel, a building material, for animal bedding and, more recently, for horticulture. In the UK, gardeners and commercial growers get through 3.5 million cubic metres of peat a year. To meet this demand, areas of lowland bog are being stripped of their peat, destroying valuable habitats both here and abroad (65% of our peat is now imported). Because peat bogs take so long to form they are an unsustainable resource. If we continue to destroy these peat habitats we will ruin a vital part of our natural heritage, lose many rare plants and animals, and valuable information about our planet’s past.
While some of our remaining peatlands are protected, there are many in other European countries that aren’t, and it is these which now supply most of our garden peat.
Peat in the garden
Peat has three uses in the garden: as mulch, as a soil improver and as a growing medium.
- Mulches
- A mulch is a layer of material spread on top of the soil to keep down weeds, conserve moisture and insulate the earth. Peat-based mulches do a relatively poor job as they break down quickly in dry conditions and often just blow away. Better mulches are based on bark, leaf mould, recycled wood waste, spent mushroom compost or garden compost.
- Soil improvers
- Peat adds no nutrition to the soil. Better products for this are manure, compost, spent mushroom compost (though this is of variable nutritive value)
- Growing media
- All growing media should be peat free by 2020 according to Government targets. Growing media do not have to be based on Peat. They can have the following as a basis: composted bark, coir, leaf mould, garden compost, screened green waste and screened composted manure
Peat-free Products
Clearly we need different grades of media for different jobs in the garden; the differences in water retention are also very important.
In researching the available peat free products it is clear that one product will not fit all. Multipurpose works all right up to a point, but often the products are far too coarse for seed sowing. In looking at available products I have tried to take the following into account, but there are sure to be other factors- it is a huge task!
- Have the products been tested by reputable trials?
- Are products available locally? How much do they cost?
- Do we know what the products contain?
- Are the companies involved in production of peat-containing products? I added this as something we might like to consider.
- Have the products been tested by reputable trials? The Royal Horticultural Society has some useful pages on peat free gardening. The main points for my purposes were:
- In their trials they found that there was very little information on the main components of the composts.
- They found considerable variations in quality between batches.
- The more expensive composts tended to perform better.
- Water management is critical.
- How best to feed was a subject for further research.
Other trials:
Which? Test scores for 2010 as a percentage of germination in the following peat free composts:- New Horizon Multi-Purpose: 80% (also top in 2011)
- Westland Multi-Purpose: 80%
- J Arthur Bowers Multi: 74%
- Levington Multi: 74%
- Vital Earth Multi: 74%
- Murphy Multi: 73%
- Vital Earth Tub/Basket: 70%
- New Horizon Growbag: 65%
- Shamrock Multi: 63%
- B&Q Tub/Basket: 53%
- J Arthur Bowers JI no. 3: 50%
- B&Q Multi: 49%
- Westland Earth Matters: 48%
- B&Q Peat-Free Multi: 46%
- Westland Multi: 43%
- Westland Container/Basket: 39%
- Miracle Gro Peat-Free: 28%
The previous Which? Score put B&Q multipurpose and New Horizon organic and peat free growbag along with B&Q sowing and cutting compost as top 3 for sowing composts. They suggested that Homebase multipurpose and Vital Earth were not worth buying as the germination was< 40%. (Compare with results above)
A report in The Ecologist suggested that Petersfield and New Horizon both scored 90% germination.
The trials are difficult to interpret. They do seem to illustrate that there is sufficient variation between batches to lead to variable germination rates, all else being equal. - Are products available locally? How much do they cost?
- New Horizon Multipurpose Peat Free is widely available; High Trees would deliver any amount for £18; a bag costs £5.99. Garden Goodies (Bingley) would deliver eg 30 x 60 litre bags for £186+VAT including delivery.
- Moorland Gold (see below) from West Riding Organics priced as follows: 20-64 x 40 litre sacks £5.34 each (individual price £7.99), full pallet £4.79 each (max 65 sacks) delivery £42 + VAT
- Knotford Nook (Lancashire) bulk loads up to 5 tons (£40/ton -£60/ton depending on whether screen size and whether manure based)equivalent to a builder’s 1 cubic metre sack) £40 delivery + VAT
- Petersfield which received good reviews, is based in Leicester so is not considered further here.
- These are the ones I enquired about as a ‘taster’. Most on the Which? list are available locally.
- Do we know what the products contain?
- New Horizon Peat Free: bark, timber residues, green waste, limestone, hoof and horn, rock potash, Vinasse (?) bone meal. Will need more watering then peat, and extra feeding after 4-6 weeks.
- Moorland Gold: This is not peat free, being made of a mixture of entrapped peat from water purification + sharp sand. It is therefore a by product using a waste material, so not reliant on peat extraction. It is Soil Association Certified.
- Knotford Nook: There are various types based on either green waste, mature compost or farmyard manure. They are screened to 40/30/20/8 mm, so suitable for different purposes.
- Are the companies involved in the production of peat containing composts?
- New Horizon makes peat-containing composts. Since all compost will have to be peat free by 2020, this is going to change the picture considerably.
Conclusions
- It would be good to encourage the use of peat free composts on the allotment site.
- We should invite comments on this report from the plot holders.
- We should consider buying a bulk load of compost or a couple of bags of several types to do our own trial.
- Making our own means allocating an area , collecting leaf mould etc
- We should make sure that every plot holder is helped to produce garden compost for use in mulching, soil improving and as a growing medium.
- We should try to make Hollin Lane Peat Free as soon as possible